Quantitative marketing research Essay

A. Market study The researchers used descriptive method because the sudy needs detailed analysis and understanding of the proposed business. Survey questionnaires served as the research instrument in gathering information about the needs and wants of the target market so that demand and supply will be determined and analysed. The result of the survey will determine the feasibility of the proposed business. The researchers will make use of questionnaires that will be give to random by chosen respondents. The respondents of the study are the students of Saint Columban College. The researcher will use random sampling, by which random students is given an equal chance to be chosen as respondents. The survey questionnaire will be distributed to the students and they will be interviewed for further acquisition of significant information. In gathering data, the researchers will use the survey method by distributing the questionnaires in the main entrance, exit, and in the campus of Saint Columban College. The survey questionnaire will be submitted to the experts for validity and reliability purposes. After gathering all the data from the respondents, the researchers will tally the results and the total responses will be tabulated. The data will be interpreted and analysed to serve as the basis of the feasibility of the pizza haus. B. Human Resource Study The researcher will conduct a personal interview as an instrument of gathering data. The researcher proposed the type of ownership which is sole proprietorship for this type of organization. The company’s identification name and its structure were determined through sharing of ideas, opinions and suggestions by the researchers. The researchers will visit the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) for personal interview about the labor laws in the Philippines that must be observed in hiring employees, the right compensation of the employees, proper handling of employees and establishing operating policies. The researchers will also visit other business to gather information in recruiting personnel in the creation of organizational structure, the researchers will make use of their ideas and knowledge that they learned from human resource management. C. Socio-Economic Study The researcher will conduct personal interview to catch a relevant information for the socio-economic study. The researcher will visit the local government to gather information about the unemployment rate of Pagadian City and what would be the effect if this proposed business will be established in the community. D. Environmental study In this study, the researchers will take precautionary actions in the proper disposal of waste and the list of the possible effects or the impact of the business to the environment. The researchers will conduct personal interview to the local government officials to gather suggestions and idea on proper disposal of wastes created by JAS Pizza Haus. Also with respect of the Law, the proposed business will take some precautionary actions with the legal documents that is required to establish this business. E. Technical Study In this study, the researchers will use a set of questionnaires in order to gather information. The questions will be focusing on the suppliers for the operation of the business. The group will go to Pagadian City to visit the area and to inquire for a vacant space outside Saint Columban College campus for the location of the Pizza Haus. The researchers will also visit a pizza parlor to consult and inquire for the equipment needed for baking a pizza, the suppliers of the pizza ingredients especially the dough and the service processes of the business. Also, the group will canvass the prices of the plastic chairs and tables from plastic wares store, and lastly, the group will talk to the owner of the space’s terms and conditions in renting. F. Financial Study The researchers will conduct a personal interview from our adviser of this study and also from the CPAs for the means of gathering information of how much will be the capital needed for this proposed, and this capital will be taken from the investment of our proponent. Questions will focus on how much will be the cost of purchasing of those needed materials. The researchers will compute it properly to know the estimated budget for the overall initial investment of the proposed business.

Production of Brazilian Coffee

A hundred million people in the United States wake up every day to the smell of coffee, a third of which is produced in Brazil, making Brazil by far the world's largest producer of coffee, a position the country has held for the last 150 years. With 80% of the production of Brazilian coffee being the delightfully tasting Arabica coffee, it's the largest producer of low grade Arabica coffee in the world, along with being a large producer of Conilon robusta too. There has been a remarkable increase in the production of Brazilian coffee over the past few years, in order to meet the demand for cheap coffee the world over. Just over the last 12 months, Brazil exported over 46 million bags, a sharp increase from the 18 million bags it exported in 1994. The history of production of Brazilian coffee goes back to 1727 when the first coffee bush was planted in Brazil, supported by curious rumours about the first samples of seeds being smuggled into Brazil by the military Francisco de Melo Palheta who charmed a Lady in French Guiana to part with them. Brazilian economy, then based on the production of sugar, gradually shifted to coffee, helping it become a monopoly in the international coffee market by the first decades of the 20th century, with the economy completely dependent upon coffee. Around the middle of the 19th century, following the decline of slave labour, Brazil pushed for greater influx of immigrants to work in the coffee farms. The success of the State of Sao Paulo as the economic and political centre in the country is often attributed to it being the first and main producer of coffee. Currently, coffee production in Brazil provides income for over 10 million people involved in the coffee trade, fuelling a significant part of the US$60 billion a year industry. Such figures, however, have often led to the misunderstanding that Brazil is heavily dependent on coffee for its economy. Coffee is responsible for only 0. 3% of Brazilian GDP, falling well behind industries such as automotive, aerospace and high tech that make up a massive chunk of the GDP. To encourage coffee farming among this extremely competitive sector, the Brazilian government has recently deregulated the coffee industry, allowing large farms to market their coffees directly to consuming countries without regard to government-mandated grading structures. The industry is not without its problems. Grown in elevations ranging between 2,000 feet to 4,000 feet, the rapid climate change is predicted to hurt the production of beans available for an estimated four years, leading to an increase in price. There have also been concerns about the quality of beans produced, currently being tackled by Brazilian coffee growing associations as they try re-creating the image of Brazilian as exquisite and distinctive Specialty-level coffee. It is the Brazilians’ hard work that gets much of the world its favorite beverage. So next time you sip your coffee, offer a toast to the country that gave us Samba to groove to.

Subatomic Particles and the Human Buffer System

Essay-Subatomic Particles There are three different types of subatomic particles. The nucleus of an atom is composed of two different types of particles, protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged atoms. The weight of a proton is one amu. Protons are located inside the nucleus and cannot move from inside the nucleus. The proton symbol is . Neutrons are also located inside the nucleus and have a neutral charge. Neutrons are also one amu like protons. Neutrons can move from the nucleus of an atom making an atom an isotope. The neutron symbol is .Electrons are located outside the nucleus in energy levels. Electrons have a negative charge and weigh approximately 1/2000th of an amu. The weight is almost insignificant. Electrons can vary in an atom making cations and anions. Cations are a positive charge when an atom loses an electron. Anions are a negative charge when an atom gains an electron. These are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom and their characteristic s. Essay- Buffer System Buffers resist pH fluctuations. A buffer is composed of a weak acid and a weak base. Carbonic acid is the weak acid and bicarbonate is the weak base.When a solution is to acidic the pH is low and there are to many hydrogen ions. The low pH level is caused by to many hydrogen ions. To make a solution neutral you would need to make more acid my combining bicarbonate and hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid. By doing this you are reducing the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. When a solution is to basic the pH is high and the number of hydrogen ions is low. The pH is high because the solution has a low number of hydrogen ions. To make a solution neutral in a basic solution you need to break down carbonic acid increasing the number of hydrogen ions.

Cloud Atlas Film Analysis Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cloud Atlas Film Analysis - Movie Review Example At some point, one may be able to say that the film is a combination of various issues about life in the society that have dynamic link to religion, philosophy, politics, socio-economic and socio-political, science and so on. The film is broad in its concept, because it tries to depict almost all of these aspects within its entire storyline. On the other hand, at some point, we know that this film employs many characters because of the various settings and time involved. Perhaps, one will be able to grasp the point why for instance, Hanks, Berry and Grant were given multiple characters in the film is to be able to save on the necessary costs and to meet other relevant considerations in the actual film making. However, the writer and the director of the film did not make it by mistake or may have intentionally employed it that way. In fact, as far as spiritual and religious concepts are concerned, there is a point to consider that the characters have significantly moved to a life of t ransformation, some of them were led to being good and the other evil, the very reason why for instance, they might have essentially played different characters from various time settings. From the philosophical standpoint, the concept of good and evil is therefore primarily employed in the movie film. Cloud Atlas therefore is trying to depict the whole picture of what we can substantially observe today particularly in various principles that the human race has significantly embraced. Therefore, we can say that the movie is a story of our lives, yesterday, today and in the days to come. Since it is not only confined in the past and at present time, it is also good to discuss about the essence of employing the future within the film. The futuristic setting of Cloud Atlas has something to do with the influence of the directors. Lana and Andy Wachowski are the directors of the film â€Å"The Matrix† and who happened to be the directors of the Cloud Atlas. We substantially know t hat the â€Å"The Matrix† is not only rich in philosophical concepts, but including other areas of life like spirituality, science, politics and so on, which are issues integrated in the film and projected to take place in the future (Watkins 19). It is the same trend which happened in the movie Cloud Atlas especially in the futuristic Korea in 2144. The directors are therefore fascinated to reveal or say something about the future of the human race. They are not only after of showing a high calibre form of entertainment in this sense, but above all, they want to explicate a very important message, something that will remind us of our actions today, and will warn us to leave away those will not contribute to the good of the majority in the days to come. In fact, with our inability to foresee the things to come ahead of us, the directors were fascinated to essentially include year 2346 in the plot or the storyline. This is to showcase the probable level of societal advancement in the future. From the point of view of the directors, society will then to undergo post-apocalyptic experience, where civilization might turn very primitive and language might end up to a weird hybrid, just as truly what the movie has clearly depicted. In other words, the movie film is full

Normative philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Normative philosophy - Assignment Example This paper will argue that morality can be based on character of an individual, outcomes comes of the actions or the duty. The first ethical theory that should be engaged in the analysis is referred to as Virtue ethics. As one can easily see, the very name of it suggests that the focus of this approach will be on the idea of virtue – the ideal balance between excess and deficiency of a particular trait of character. In other words, this ethical theory draws a strong connection between the idea of morality and the character of a particular person. This is quite important since it holds several significant implications for the evaluation of the actions. For example, the action which is largely considered to be an immoral one, such as lying, might be justified by the approach of Virtue ethics as it will argue that the characteristics of a person turn this action into a good one and he or she does not behave immoral. Indeed, as one can easily see on this example, this ethical theory is mostly concerned with the stable category of being rather than concrete outcomes of the actions. In other words, the morality is considered to be an irreplaceable attribute of a virtuous person while others who were not able to develop any virtues and live in sin behave immorally. It is obvious that this approach has its proponents and opponents and is regarded to be a rather debatable one as it does not give a universal approach to every situation in life. The next ethical theory which should be discussed with regard to the notion of morality is called Deontological ethics. The name of this approach comes from a Greek word which means â€Å"duty†. That is why it would not be a mistake to point out that just like the previous theory was focused on the virtue of the character of a person, this one is focused on the duty. Contrary to Virtue ethics, the Deontological approach is able to prove a person with an easy to use as well as simple to

Persuasive Speech for the Adoption of Organic Food into the Lunch Essay

Persuasive Speech for the Adoption of Organic Food into the Lunch Program of the School - Essay Example Serving organic and natural food during our lunch can already make a huge difference in the betterment of our health and environment. My name is _________(your name over the line) and I am just a concerned student with a good idea about our health and environment who also genuinely cares for my fellow students and my school. II. Body We may not know it, but if we are not particular about the kind and quality of the food that is served to us in the school cafeteria, they may actually be serving us Frankenstein foods or genetically altered foods. This is not to blame the canteen administrators because many of the foods sold at our groceries are in fact genetically modified and it is very difficult to figure out whether they are organic or not (Kenner, 2008). (Tell’em part) Genetically modified foods are already prevalent. They are a product of the factorization of our food industry that seeks to produce food in scale, albeit of lower quality than those that are naturally grown b y our farmers. Genetically modified foods are also peppered with chemicals so do not be surprised if you still do not feel nourished after a plentiful meal because most of the food you ate was not really food but were mostly composed of chemicals (harm). (harm, significance and cause) This is not to say that natural foods are already gone and totally replaced by genetically modified foods. ... Kenner did not even mince with words in the introduction of his documentary film that GMO’s are in fact, just presents a notion of a food because by itself, GMOs are not entirely a food considering the artificial inputs that was incorporated during the process of its production. Note that I used the term â€Å"production† and not â€Å"growing† just like what is done in the farms because the industrialization of food can be likened more to a factory than to a farm that â€Å"produces† food rather than â€Å"grow† them. GMO is ever present in the current servings of our cafeteria through its fast food servings. I understand that my fellow students love fast foods because of its taste and convenience. I do not like to contradict only that fast foods are not healthy both to our body and environment. Experts agree, as reported by Rosencheck that the consumption of fast foods which are served big which have high glycemic loads contribute to the rising ra te of obesity in the USA (2008). This was supported by the study of Currie whose study findings suggest that the increase in the supply of fast food restaurants have a significant effect on obesity (2010). The negative health consequences of the rising obesity rates already are evident. Rates of diabetes (most of which is type 2, which is largely due to obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity) rose 50% between 1990 and 2000 (Mokdad et al, 2001). Environment wise, the same fast foods that we like to eat are not also healthy. We may not know it but we also eat oil when we consume industrial food. Overall, the production of the raw materials of the fast food industry guzzles up petroleum fuel of about 40,000 gallons per year. This

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English Literature - Essay Example of the creative element inherent in it, but also because of the manifestation of the imagination that could be found within it in the sense that we create what we see, beginning to recognize how the representation of social issues might help to bring about change in these same social issues. The world was full of symbols and signs that would portend future events and actions which were knowable through their relationship to the myths and legends of antiquity. Many of the concepts that emerged as a part of Romanticism were reactions to the social upheaval that was taking place at this time coupled with a shifting economic structure. During the ‘Romantic Period’, the poets took part in a movement against the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment, where they protested (with their poetry) the ideals of those Europeans who sought to bring reason and ‘Enlightenment’ to the world. The Romantics expressed their defiance of the so-called ‘reason’ that both the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment brought to society. Throughout this period, women’s appearances in literature are characterized as dependent upon men for any outward action. Most of the principle female characters are white and invariably subservient to men. While this is often understood as a male-dominated and defined society in which women had no voice at all, the degree of truth in this idea is largely dependent upon the au thor and his background. It has been said of Romantic literature that ‘The tendency to portray women as binary opposites suggests a misogynistic perception of the inadequacy of female character’. While this may be true of much Romantic literature, Lord Byron’s poetry, such as his most famous work ‘The Corsair’, illustrates a more even-handed approach. The three cantos of â€Å"The Corsair† tell the story of a pirate chief named Conrad. The poem opens with Conrad on his pirate island, described in terms that convey the sort of haunted, lonely

BIG DATA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BIG DATA - Essay Example IBM on the other hand has invested 24 billion dollars in data analytics and through a company called Watson has employed about 15000 analytical practitioners to handle data collection and analysis. This data is used to analyze the market and improve their business. Another example on the use of data analytics in business is the BMW motor company whereby a survey conducted showed that people who were getting into cars were always having their windows broken in winter as a result of ice accumulation. In order to improve the customer confidence in their product, the company took it upon itself to wash the parked cars and give them back to the customers whenever they wanted to leave. In this way, the customer confidence in BMW improved. Facebook uses data analytics to conduct surveys and improve their business and the quality of service they offer to their customers. Recently, Facebook conducted a survey asking the question of which gender between males and females spends more time shari ng photographs on Facebook and the data collected showed that women spend more time sharing photographs than men. About 350 million photographs were shared daily on Facebook. For one to become a data scientist he must have data handling skills such as programming, databases creation and analysis, mathematical modeling, statistical analysis and above all he must be creative. If we analyze the trend on the use of big data by big companies, it is evident that companies are hesitant in investing in big data. About 55-60% of the investments in big data fail. This can be attributed to the fact that the companies start on technology first rather than understanding of the understanding of the fundamentals of the business. Today, there is a very high demand for data in business performance and market analysis and hence the need for companies to invest in big data. However, a major setback in handling big data is the shortage of data scientists to work in this field.

Answer questions on the economy with the explanation and examples Essay

Answer questions on the economy with the explanation and examples - Essay Example With increasing income, the demand for a luxury goods increases sharply as compared to necessity goods. In this case, there is a larger proportionate change in the quantity demanded when a change in price of the good occurs. When the price of the good rises, the demand will fall proportionately more; hence, the total revenue will fall. But when the price of the good falls, the demand will rise proportionately more; hence, the total revenue will rise as well. In this case, there is a smaller proportionate change in the quantity demanded when a change in price of the good occurs. When the price of the good rises, the demand will fall proportionately less; hence, the total revenue will rise due to the higher price. But when the price of the good falls, the demand will rise proportionately less; hence, the total revenue will fall as well. It refers to the maximum price that has set by the government or an agency. The concerns cannot rise above this maximum rate but can fall below it. For Example: Maximum price of the oil fixed by the government in Third world countries. It refers to the minimum price that has been set by the government or an agency. The concerns cannot fall below this minimum rate but can rise about it. For Example: Minimum wage rates fixed by the government. An economic law that states that, as the quantity of a variable factor is increased, the marginal product of these additional units will, at a particular point, start to diminish and be less than the marginal product of the former unit. In the short run of the firm’s production, a few of the input factors are considered to be fixed in nature. Whereas in the long run of the firm’s production, there are no fixed factors as the company can vary the quantity being used over the period of time. The profits are maximized when MR=MC: at an output level of Q as shown in Figure 3. If the output is less than Q, the MR exceeds MC. This

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example Legislation is the only solution to face the challenging situation. In fact, Law is de jure and is applied by a country to regulate the relationship between its people, government and business. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., in his great law book, The Common Law (1881) states: "The life of the law has not been logic; it has been experience". This contradicts English jurist Sir Edward Coke's observation that 'logic is the life of the law'. The legal system of Australia is governed by common law developed by case laws and precedents, and included in it are equity law and a little of statute law. Based on Grew (2002), the legal system of Australia has two sources. The first one is the parliament that is legislation, and the other is the judicial courts that are responsible for case laws. Legislations are created by parliament and the courts put forward the law by means of precedents. Here, in this essay, we analyze the strength and weaknesses of common law and legislation along with the role of courts and legislature in regulating the contemporary business practices. Common law has its roots of development in England from 1066. It is an unenacted law written by judges in judgments or case law decisions (Latimar, 2007, p.4). In Australia the judges decide a case based on past decisions taken in a similar case. This method tends to be consistent and authentic as many cases have been decided in the past in a similar way. The doctrine of precedent is based on this concept that when cases are decided based on past decisions, the judgment is consistent. The lower courts are bound to follow the higher courts and this leads to treating the case under similar circumstances in the same way as it was done before. 'The high court's decisions in passed cases, will have the lower courts legally bound' (Barron & Fletcher 2001 p30). When precedents are followed in deciding a case it allows the judges to reduce the time taken in passing a judgment. This is because the law is already applied in similar cases by taking into consideration the facts and the issuing of evidence, which makes the task of a judge easy. The doctrine of precedent is defined as 'The common law principle which binds a judge or a magistrate to follow previous similar decision of higher courts in the same hierarchy; also known as stare decisis' (Vickery & Pendleton 2006), which implies the decision stands. The precedents may be binding and persuasive precedents. It becomes binding 'ratio decidendi' when the closing decree or 'res judicata' is passed by the court on the affected parties, and has a legal consequence established on the central causes for the decision."Common law relies on precedent. However, precedent is an illogical and inefficient tool for the regal regulation of business. Legislation is much more effective in the regulation of modern business practices". This statement stands good in the modern day judgments. Even though common law is tailor made and easy to follow, it still has its own pitfalls. The major weakness of common law is that, the precedent followed in sensitive cases may not be relevant for the present case. Also it could limit the development of law. As common law depends on past cases and the society is changing rapidly so it is obvious that history may not repeat itself in the same way and under the same circumstances. It becomes very difficult

Journal 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Journal 1 - Essay Example Human resource planning aims at forecasting the labor demand, managing staff number, ensuring that the competencies match the roles assigned and balancing the labor supply and demand in the organization. With human resources planning, the organization is able to adapt to the changing labor and work environment (Sekhri, 2010). Recruitment refers to the process of attracting many competent employees with suitable qualifications to apply for suitable jobs in a certain organization. Recruitment aims at balancing labor with the work available in the organization by appealing to interested individuals with proper qualifications to ask for the existing opportunities. Selection follows the process of recruitment. Selection refers to the process of picking out the most suitable and qualified individuals within the group of applicants to work in a certain position in the organization. It is one of the most significant processes within an organization, as it helps in choosing the most competent employees for an empty position (Sparrow, 2007). In conclusion, human resource planning, recruitment and selection are some of the most crucial processes in an organization for they provide the best employees that ensure success within the company. Therefore, these processes must be conducted carefully and by professionals to ensure that the organization succeeds (Louw, 2013). Sparrow, P. R. (2007). Globalization of HR at function level: four UK-based case studies of the international recruitment and selection process. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(5),

The Horse Business Essay Example for Free

The Horse Business Essay Introduction The Horse Industry is unique. Throughout the world, people use horses for consumption as well as for non-consumption purposes. Horses are bred either for the purposes of horseracing – an internationally popular sport, or for purposes of consumption particularly in countries where horsemeat is considered a delicacy. Breeders rear thoroughbred horses specifically for racing purposes. A horse is a very viable and valuable commodity, so much so that commercial insurance policies customarily offer protection for owners of high quality racehorses against theft, injuries and other diseases. The government of the United States and several European countries maintain strong controls on horse reproduction. There are governmental limitations on the use of artificial insemination and sometimes owners have to register their horses. Evidently, this industry is unique and reaches across the private as well as the public sector. Racing is an entertaining and interesting business (Chenault, 1994). Those involved in the horseracing industry are always keen on increasing their horse’s abilities so that they may attract a broader consumer base and thus increase their returns from horseracing. These owners therefore explore numerous and varied opportunities to profit from their racehorses including investigating other racing choices such as simulcast races, which involve off-track wagering. Slaughterhouses slaughter, for consumption, horses which have outlived their usefulness, and are in poor health condition. Customers who use horsemeat in their diet purchase the slaughtered meat in large quantities (House of Commons Hansard, 2002).   The main objective of this paper is to highlight those strategies and techniques of business that can contribute to improvements in the horse industry for the firms in either the public or private sector who are involved with the racehorses or slaughter of horses. This research will seek to discover ways that this industry can become more efficient as well as examine the existing or needed policies that could contribute to the necessary improvements. Problem Statement Horseracing and the slaughtering of horses are two key industry areas involving the use of horses and both private and public sector corporations have some amount of share in either industry area. As with any other animal group it is no surprise that there is a continuing debate on the ethics of both horseracing and horse slaughtering for consumption. These twin industry areas have been the targets of concerns raised on the ethic of slaughtering horses, particularly those that would have previously been used in the horseracing industry but which are no longer of further use to their owners for a variety of reasons. These horses may be diseased, injured or ill and have little prospect for future recovery. To ensure that they do not suffer a complete loss, owners of racehorses sell these unwanted horses to slaughterers. Some people are totally against the slaughtering of horses. In America and European countries, horsemeat is comparable to the meat of other large animals such as the buffalo, goat, sheep, pig and others. Since people throughout the United States and Europe desire to have horsemeat as a part of their diet then naturally, the slaughter industry too has its own place. Thus, while persons object to the slaughtering of horses, there are those who have little or no objection to the consumption of horsemeat. Similarly, there are objections to the use of horses for racing because of the reported cruel treatment of these animals and their injection with dangerous substances and steroids to enhance performance. This is a very sore issue in the horse industry. Even sorer is the slaughtering of these horses when they are no longer profitable in the horseracing industry. This debate is challenging the viability of the equine industry, putting industry shareholders in an uncomfortable position. Both the racehorse and the slaughtering industries are producing at their full capacities in the US and the rest of the world. Like any other business these industries whether private or public need to adopt sound business management strategies through appropriate training so as to be good in business and to provide the best service to buyers and consumers. The care and the right use of horses is also the matter of concern. The primary use of horses is for racing. However, one cannot avoid the fact that the slaughterhouse, rather than the racecourse, becomes the home for horses unfit for racing. Every year, the number of unfit horses increases thus the number of slaughterhouses also increases. Slaughter industries in the public and private sectors purchase the unwanted horses. Traditionally, the hunter-jumper market has acquired most former racehorses that have no signs of muscular-skeletal abnormalities, and some use previous standard-bred racehorses for driving carriages. Horses that obtain career-ending injuries are not useful anymore for the owners and fall into the category of unwanted horses. Figures produced by the U.S. department of agriculture reveal, however, that the majority of horses slaughtered (92.3%) are quite healthy and not, in fact, neglected. An overwhelming majority of Americans and members of Congress oppose slaughtering horses for human consumption (HSUS, 2007). One of the options in dealing with these unwanted horses is for slaughtering and distribution for consumption. The precise number of horses that make up this category of unwanted is unknown. However, some research reveals that 50,000 horses fall to slaughterhouses each year in the USA. The real number of unwanted horses is much higher than that reported. Horses used on farms are costly to owners, specifically maintenance costs for food, wastage disposal and land use. The slaughter industry appears to be the most attractive option in dealing with these horses. Purpose Statement The basic aims of the study are to suggest methods of enhancing business productivity for persons involved in slaughtering or horseracing within the public and private sectors and to identify better ways of setting goals and objectives for their racehorses. Additionally this paper will attempt to identify and recommend alternative uses for unwanted horses besides slaughtering. The research will be dealing with both facts and numbers from the available resource material as well as opinions and comments from surveys. Therefore, this paper will adopt a mixed research method using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. American horse council estimates that almost 10% of all the horses die every year due to illness, injury, lack of proper environment and food provisions. There is a need for proper treatment and laws from the government to support the cause of increasing horse reproduction. California passed a law in 1998 protecting against horse theft and this has been effective in reducing such theft. Additionally regulations need to govern management aspects of the horse industry. Often the lack of proper means of transporting horses for slaughtering has contributed to the unnecessary death of horses. The usual means of transporting horses are more suited for shorter and smaller animals such as cows, pigs and cattle. These transported force horses, which have a longer neck and body, into these cramped positions often causing injury. Those involved in the transportation of horses and are unable to afford the proper form of transportation have very little alternative and thus horses continue to suffer and their numbers decrease. The Government could provide subsidies to such persons working on small-scale to fulfill their needs. Forces of demand drive the market. Consumers world over with affirmative attitudes and who demand that meat products are nourishing, tasty and of the best quality, and reasonably priced relative to income, availability, quality and relevance to life-style remain the leading driving forces in the market. However if discussions on meat production in developed countries raises speculation this could negatively affect demand negatively. In this regard, government has to seriously consider and reconsider their policies towards this industry. Undoubtedly, the meat industry not necessarily need information awareness programs but need to modify practices in order to satisfy fully customer needs. In fact, technologists and scientists can contribute positively to this industry by developing newer strategies that are more efficient. These strategies include applying practices that result in less environmental damage, depend less on stimulants and additives, and that consider sensitive exploitation of the new genetics and with more consideration for the animals involved. Research Questions The following questions will guide the research: What are some guidelines for success in the horse industry? What are some key principles of the horse industry? What business ethics govern the horse industry? What alternative exist for racehorses that are no longer useful for racing? The research will also attempt to find out what are some of the business ethics, social stewardship, business leadership/management and stakeholder values for the Racehorse Industry, the Slaughter Industry and the Private sector? Proper ethics should govern and guide the operations of the private sector, the racehorse industry and the slaughter industry in their business management strategies in order to ensure effective leadership and social stewardship. A prospective entrepreneur in the racehorse industry should consider all necessary information to determine the size of the market and the possible share of his prospective business within the market. There should be some insurance plan for such businesses. The major point in focus for any business holder around the globe is to maintain profit. The ways to success are confusing and indefinite. â€Å"The NFIB estimates that over the lifetime of a business, 39% are profitable, 30% break even, and 30% lose money† (Blue Ribbon Consulting, 2006).    Core Literature The racehorse industry has been demonstrating positive levels of success and has had a considerable impact on the market overall. A 2003 summary report provided by the Louisiana State University summarized the successes and contributions of the horse industry as follow: â€Å"The race horse industry is composed of 1,178 breeders who own 10,161 mares that produced 5,971 foals that were sold in 2003 for $35.8 million. These breeders own 1,977 stallions that were bred to 5,313 mares, generating income from stud fees of $13.3 million. The total income generated from racehorse production was $49.1 million. An additional 2,229 racehorse owners owned 10,903 racehorses in training or on the track at a value of $109 million. The impact of racehorse owners and breeders’ activities in 2003 was $158.1 million. The show and competition horse industry (horse shows, barrel racing, cutting, roping, team penning, etc.) is composed of 2,600 breeders who own 7,847 mares that produced 4,901 foals that were sold for $14.7 million. These breeders own 718 stallions that bred 8,351 mares, generating $12.5 million in income from stud fees. The total income generated from show and competition horse production was $27.2 million. Another 4,634 owners compete on their 14,901 horses valued at $59.6 million. The total impact of the show and competition horse industry is $86.8 million. A large portion of the horse industry is recreational. The horse is used for comfort, exercise and enjoyment. About 20% or 8,570 of the recreational horse owners bred 21,554 mares and sold 11,392 foals in 2003 for $17.1 million. These horsemen own 933 stallions that were bred to 5,924 mares, generating income from stud fees of $592,400. The total income from production in the recreational horse industry was $17.6 million in 2003. Another 25,453 recreational horse owners have 61,366 horses valued at $61 million. There are 129,022 registered horses in Louisiana, owned by 45,331 horsemen. These horses are valued at $324 million. An additional 70,000 grade and other equines are owned by 25,000 people who have a $210 million impact on the economy. In addition to the value of horses produced and maintained in Louisiana, the activities of the horse industry generate a tremendous cash flow. The four racetracks employ 3,000 people and generate expenditures of about $1 billion per year. The show and competition industry conducts an estimated 500 activities per year and generates $12.5 million in expenditures. With the value of horses, expenditures on horses and the activities in which they engage, the impact of the horse industry is estimated at $1.6 billion per year.† (LSU, 2003). Apparently, the industry is heading in a positive direction. However, there needs to be better regulation of the industry, particularly in the development of appropriate business ethics to govern those involved in the industry. Sensible business ethics are one of the keys to organizational success. As a corporate strategy businesses involved with horses should lobby for effective legislation to protect the consumer, the business owner and the horse. In the U.K., for example, all horses are required to possess a passport according to a legislation that came into effect on 31 December 2003. Other European countries have similar requirements. Even though horse owners previously registered horses this was on a voluntary basis for horses born after 1 January 1998. The new requirement ensures that all horses, particularly those specifically reared for the purposes of slaughtering and consumption, have a passport containing a history of veterinary medicines so that certain medicines do not pass along the food chain to humans. This requirement is also a more effective way of controlling over breeding in certain areas (Defra, 2002). Policies such as these are useful guidelines for conducting business so that managers adopt correct strategies in all aspects of the industry. Organizations must provide these business ethics and rights to employees (as well as to the livestock of the agriculture or farm industry) to safeguard their needs, to maintain friendly working environment, and to provide boost to a certain industry. Managers cannot anticipate that there will not be challenges in implementing certain principles that will contribute to eventual organizational success. Jonash (2005) warns that business owners need to be willing to face the challenges that go along with difficult business decisions and strategies. He holds that achieving short, medium and long-term success is not easy. He suggests that managers accept the reality that there are no quick fixes to organizational problems and thus should be willing to follow through with tested and proven strategies even if the implementation process seems difficult. The above-mentioned statistics show clearly that this system is working very well in the US and can even improve if the overall racehorse industry follows proper policies and procedures. Research Activities/Methods The research activities of the paper under study are mainly through the books and Internet and other credible journals. These research materials are primary sources of information as they are already from the credibly written scholarly articles and journals. However, the point of view is solely from the writer’s perspective. Operational Definitions Livestock: farm animals Slaughter: using an animal for food. Equine: Of or like a horse (adjective) Simulcast Races: Races broadcast across the world and seen in casinos.    Assumptions and limitations This paper assumes that the horse industry can benefit from promotions and other ad campaigns. The scenarios, the examples and data are the tools that will make this study a success. This study is limited to the racehorse and slaughter horse industries, the business leadership skills and the methodology of the management and leadership. The horse industry has many problems like the transportation, accommodation, handling the lack of subsidies granted and others, but these are just a few. There are many more topics and issues surrounding this industry but those are beyond the scope of this paper.    References Blue Ribbon Consulting. (2006). Horse Consulting. Retrieved Sep 22, 2007 from, http://www.horseconsulting.com/services.htm. Chenault, E. A., (1994, Oct 28). Race horse industry analysis featured in Jan. 14 Meeting. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from, http://agnews.tamu.edu/stories/AGEC/horsrace.html DEFRA (Department for environment, food and rural affairs). (2002, Feb 14). Horse Passports and Database. News Release. Retrieved August 15, 2007 from, http://www.lipizzaner.org.uk/defra.htm. House of Commons Hansard. (2002). Written Answers. Retrieved August 21, 2007 from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020214/text/20214w39.htm. Humane Society of the United States, The (HSUS) Animal Net. (2007, Mar 17). HSUS responds to rumor of horse abandonment in KY: Calls it an act of desperation from the foreign-owned horse slaughter industry. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/animalnet/2007/3-2007/annet_march_20.htm Jonash, R. S. (2005). Driving sustainable growth and innovation: Pathways to high performance leadership. Handbook of Business Strategy, 6(1), 197-202.    Louisiana State University. (2003). Agriculture and natural resources summary: Horses. Retrieved August 15, 2007 from, http://www2.lsuagcenter.com/AgSum2003/narrative.aspx. Virginia horse industry board news and event calendar. (2007-2008). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from, http://www.vhib.org/virginia-horse-industry-board-news.html.

Challenges in the 21st Century Police Force

Challenges in the 21st Century Police Force What are the Challenges a Police Force face in a diverse Society? A diverse society is a society in which there are different kinds of people, different races such as black, white, Asian, Mexican etc. The theory of diversity includes acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique and knowing individual differences. These can be along the magnitudes of age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, physical abilities, socio-economic status and religious beliefs. This essay will explain in detail these main challenges that police face in a diverse society. Diversity in the police force is one of the most major aspects that should be looked at. This is because of the outcome that it is most likely to have on the effectiveness and the overall perception of the police force. Policing is one of the most vital requirements of a non-violent living of society. Policing can be seen as overseeing others ensuring that they keep to law and order. As a result the most significant work of the police is to implement public orders and ensure that they abide by the law. The police force is given the order of imposing law in society. It makes sure people practice their individual rights but in doing so they do not obstruct the rights of others to practice their rights too. The police force is also given responsibilities to oversee the public relationship. In servicing the public, the police therefore are involved in an arrangement of activities that are meant to ensure a supportive atmosphere of life in the public. In this regard, they adapt important functions like management and directing of traffic, be present at emergencies, directing tourists, and other purposes further than their ordinary tasks of arresting and punishing law breakers. For that reason we can say the community needs regulating by the police in order to be operational. This shows that they will need to be in full effect in their work in order for them to deal with a number of different issues that arise in the running of order in public. It will be essential if police are well equipped, organized and well adapted to these challenges. The public is diverse so is the complications so the police will need to be highly prepared to address this in public. And so, one of the most vital problems that in the police force that it becomes a necessity to look into is diversity in their training and in their plan for the police force in order to address situations effectively. Disappointment to deliver services will not be the only bad outcome of lack of diversity but it will also be compounded. It has been shown that the malfunctioning of the police force is increasing rapidly as a result of lack of doubt and faith between different ethnic groups depending on the way they feel represented in the force. In major cities around the world, there has been increasing conflicts between the ethnic minority groups and the majority of the police force, for example in the US conflict is constantly accumulating between the white police and the Black American youths who feel that they are not represented in the police force. Race plays a factor, to the extent that it’s a white officer and a black victim. Black people were subject to unusual policing, and depicted by the media, politicians and criminal justice agents as a ‘social problem’ and demonised as ‘folk devils’. Consequently, this could lead to the public being reluctant to give information to the police for that reason this undermines the issue of communicating police. The public or the police are also likely to decline or appear as a witness due to the relationship between the two which becomes non-existent. It has been shown that some of the crimes that are committed particularly in the low income areas are due to marginalisation of these areas since they are not well represented in the police force. (Spencer and Hough 2000, p.82) The minute the marginalised groups feel that they have been disregarded and not well represented, they may resort to organising as well as joining criminal gangs and criminal activities which take on the role of protecting their area and the public where police have been unsuccessful. This will also lead to police orders not being recognised in the marginalised groups subsequently they may not feel as part of the larger society. In some instances it has been shown that the lack of integration of the marginalised groups in the police force can result to anxiety and in some cases riots. There have been several claims that the communities who felt side-lined always feel like they are victimized by the police force and are almost certainly likely to rise against some police orders. Between the 6th and 10th of august 2011 thousands ofpeoplein the UK were rioting in several boroughs in London and many cities and towns. This was due to the protest against the death of a local who was shot dead by police without reason, violence then began, destroyed homes, police vehicles, andbusinessof citizens and even magistrate’s court of London. The following reasons can be outlined as basic reasons for the riots; poor relationship between the police and communities, especially where a ‘stop and search’ occurred whilst some deliberately engaged in the riots to loot without any consequence and others engaged deliberately to attack the police. As we mentioned there is a possibility of growth within street groups/gangs which take on the role of the police. This makes the streets more dangerous not only for the police but also for the community and a breeding ground for unlawful criminal activities. (Arvind 1999, P.270) There has been an increase in diversity in the UK society since 1960s. This was due to the increased rate for global order that was taking place as well as the growth of the economic system that gave rise to different classes in society. There was also the enactment of new legislations which were all intended at winding the right of the previously marginalised group. Incidentally these acts were looking towards generating a more lawful society where individuals coexisted as one and where there A number of legislations that were put in place since then to address the necessities of marginalised groups. The sexual Act 1967 was enacted in the awareness of legalising and protecting homosexuality which was practiced by a minority group in the UK society. In 1970 the Equal Pay Act was to create more fairness in the workplace and to decrease the growth in segmentation of the society into classes. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 was to defend individuals from being discriminated on the foundations of their sex particularly in employment and in other public places. In 1976 the Race relations Act was to address the issue of discrimination according to race. This was aimed at protecting the human rights of minority races in the UK. In the recent past there has been way of Human Rights Act 1998 which prolonged the protection in contradiction of discrimination on the ground of religion. All the above represents laws that have been put in place in the UK in order to bring some equality. This has been due to the awareness that society in the UK is facing numerous challenges. With such consciousness the government has been in the lead in safeguarding the laws to lookout for diversity and to protect all individuals. ( Skalnick and Fyfe 2005,) Nevertheless there have been efforts by the government to address the issue of diversity in society; still there are some problems that the police force in the UK is facing. One of the foremost problems that have been affecting the public is gene hunt attitudes. This has been led by the opinions in society that there are some who are more superior to others and some who can accomplish better than others. This is evident to the belief that police men are better than police women and consequently there has been a twisted recruitment and employment in the police force. This issue has been dealt with in a comprehensive manner but it still remains a matter in the police force. On the other hand there are other problems that have been there and are still present. One of such problems has been racism and ethnicity. The issue of racism has not only been mirrored in the police force itself but has also caused an effect on the relationship between the police and the public. For example there are some races that are imposed to abrupt stop and search in the public as mentioned earlier. It has been publicised that Black youth and Asians are imposed to this form of inequality by the police force. The use of stop and search powers by the police has been the most controversial issue in debates about policing ethnic minority communities. Specifically for young black men the humiliating experience of being stopped repeatedly and searched is a fact of life, in some parts of London at least. Also research evidence shows that in general, people who are seen as ‘white’ tend to have a more satisfactory experience of the police than people whose ancestry lies in Asia, Africa and the ‘islands of the sea’. Inside the police force there has been animosity on the mode of promotion as the proportion of ethnic minority officers at constable and advanced level remains low compared to others. The numbers of ethnic minorities at the higher ranks of the police service inappropriately continue to be low – only 45 ethnic minorities were ranked at Superintendent and above in 2006 in comparison to 1,634 white people ( Minsitry of Justice 2007) In 2004, a report for the Morris Inquiry by Assistant Commissioner/Policeman Tarique Ghaffur found black and Asian officers are expected to be investigated twice as likely or receive formal written warnings compared to other officers. This indicates that the issue of ethnic issues and racism is not only reflected in the policing of the public but it is also a problematic within the police force itself. In this regard the majority of white police officers have been shown to be mistreating their black and Asian counterpart based on holding of ethnic minority suspects. (Rowe 2004, p. 71) An additional problem that the police force has been facing is gender issues. Historically there has been improvement on this subject. There was not at all any woman in the UK police force till the development of Women’s Police Service (WPS) in London in 1914. This was formed by Suffragette and anti-slavery complainers Margaret Dawson and Nina Boyle. Yet there was still no connection the Metropolitan police force. At that time the Chief commission permitted those to patrol the setter, to take on rescue work on prostitutes; however they were issued with identity cards. Female police were seen as a side police to assist the main police force to deal with petty/minor issues. In 1915 the Police in Grantham, Lincolnshire became initially the first to recruit women officially in the force with Mrs. Edith Smith becoming the first female police officer to be granted the power to arrest. In 1918 the metropolitan’s police selected 25 women for the world of patrol but they were not given power to arrest till 1923 to 1930 (Westmarland 2001, p.93) Even though they were included in the police force, women continue as a separated force from the main police force. Nonetheless this was brought to an end with the enactment of the Equal Pay Act of 1970 which required police authority to take stock. In 1973 there was a move with the integration of the women’s police service in the main police force. This was 150 years since the development of the Metropolitan Police. ( Brown and Heidersohn 2000) For all that time whilst there was low presentation of women in the police force, many problems were experienced with the treatment of the cases regarding women. Increased rates of rape were becoming common and most of these cases were not well controlled by the male officers who had the same male ego with the rapists. Victims of these occurrences were not able to talk to female officers who could have understood them well and better. Even by late 1990s there was still not a professional force that could carefully deal with the issue of rape. In this year the Met Assistant Commissioner agreed with the notion that the police force could be making a contribution to low convincing rates for rapists due to lack of professionalism in their work. This is evident to primary evidence kits which are used to take urine samples and mouth swabs before a medical examination takes place which was only used in only 1/3 of all the instances that they were likely to be used. (Cater Collin 2004) Sexuality is also an issue as far as diversity in the police force is fretful. There has been many assumptions that has been made with regards to this issue that homosexuality is likely to effect the police. There has been gradual acceptance since 1960s with the legislations that were made. In 1990 the development of the gay police association including high profile police included high profile police offences which led to an increase in complaints of homophobic among police officers. It is recorded that between 2007 and 2007 there were around 7000 driven of homophobia in the police force. The issue of disabled police officers has surfaced more than often. They have claimed to be side-lined which led to the development of National Disabled Police association. There has also been an issue increasing regarding religion in the police force. Together police performance should be carried out in alliance with the public in order to help them recognize the diversity within that community itself. The two concepts above all relate to a series of problems but all in which can help improve good service delivered by the police. Both concepts can be taken as a likely way of responding to the devisers needs of the various groups within society. In 1999 there was determination to increase the number of police officers recruited from ethnic minorities. The racist murder of a black London teenager, Stephen Lawrence, in April 1993 triggered this and a subsequent inquiry by Sir William Macpherson into his death. The Macpherson report which was published in February 1999 concluded that the police handling of the murder investigation had been marred by institutional racism and called, amongst other things, for targets to be set to increase the recruitment and retention of ethnic minority officers. Looking carefully at the concept of policing by the community, we find that new measures have been taken on. Various proposals have been proposed by the home office in terms of increasing this diversity within the police force. There has been an increase in the proportion of serving police officers who are from ethnic minorities, from 0.7 per cent in 1986 to 3.4 per cent in 2005 ( Ministry of Justice 2007). This means that they remain considerably under-represented given that around 7 per cent of the economically active population are from ethnic minorities, and this was also below the target of 4 per cent proposed in 2004. The home office targets to increase this by February 2009 although it was decided to drop this unrealistic central target and have it replaced with individual targets for to each police force to imitate the ethnic make-up of their local communities. A growing trend in the variation of employing where from 2003 it was passed that the assessor from police recruits will be from the local community rather than the police force. There has also been an increased consciousness on the need that certain issues such as rape needs to be addressed especially with an increase in recruiting female officers. Furthermore issues such as sexuality need to be addressed such as homophobic attacks and Islam phobia attacks. To conclude police face multiple challenges everyday continuously addressing the issue of diversity’s but this will help to make the police force more receptive to the requirement of the public and will also assist improving the relationship between the police and the public. REFERENCES Arvind, V 1999, Cultural roots Tucson, AZ. of police corruption in India, Policing, 3, (pp. 234) Brown, J. Heidersohn, F 2000, Gender and policing: comparative perspectives, MacMillan pp. 301 Carter Collins, S.2004, Sexual harassment and police discipline: Whos policing the police? Policing, Vol.4, pp. 511 Heidensohn, F 2005, Women in Control? In Newburn, Policing, pp. 751-760 Joan, M 1998, Deadly force and the rule of law: the Guyana example, Policing, 3, (pp. 465 479) Rowe, M 2004, Policing, race and racism, William Silvestri, M 2003, Women in charge: policing, gender and leadership, William Skalnick, J. Fyfe, J 2005, the beating of Rodney King in Newburn, Policing, pp. 568-575 Spencer, B. Hough, M 2000, Policing diversity: lessons from Lambeth, Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit Westmarland, L 2001, Gender and policing: sex, power and police culture, William

Comparative Industrial Relations Between France Germany And Sweden Management Essay

Comparative Industrial Relations Between France Germany And Sweden Management Essay The European systems of industrial relations exemplified by France, Germany and Sweden are fundamentally similar. Furthermore, the Japanese and U.S. systems of industrial relations are fundamentally different from those found in the three European countries. What is your view of these statements? How do you justify your view? Table of Content Introduction 3 Main Body Systems of Industrial Relations in France, Germany and Sweden 4 Labour Market 5 Trade Union 6 Employers Association 7 Collective Bargaining 8 Employee Participation and Works Councils 10 Government and Regulation 11 Compare Systems of Industrial Relations between France, Germany and Sweden and in the United States and Japan 12 Labour Market 12 Trade Union 14 Employers Association 15 Collective Bargaining 16 Employee Participation and Works Councils 16 Government and Regulation 17 Conclusion 17 References 20 Introduction Industrial relations generally involve employment relations related issues in the past and present and how the changes happened. It is dynamic and changing all the time (Salamon, 1994, p.3). According to Dunlop (1958), systems of industrial relations include three main actors and their representations. The three actors are employers and their representatives, employees and their representatives and the government. Within these three parties, there is collective bargaining which is usually conducted between trade union and employers associations; and in some countries government can directly interfere collective bargaining while some cannot. Governments roles in systems of industrial relations are very significant. Dunlop also mentioned that there are factors which can affect the three parties relations, and these factors are market of labour force and power of parties. Industrial relations systems involve varieties of institutional structures beyond just employer-employee relationshi p (Hyman, 2000). Because different countries have their own unique ways of development, systems of industrial relations should be different among countries. However, from a macro point of view, it is claimed that there is a European systems of industrial relations. The creation of European Works Councils and the social partners agreement of 1991 are evidence of European industrial relations systems (Jensen et al, as cited in Hyman). In this essay, I will analyse the European industrial relations systems which demonstrate by France, Germany and Sweden which have some similarities, but differ a lot. This essay also addresses the issue that systems of industrial relations in Japan and the United States are fundamentally different from those found in the three European countries. This essay argues the following: in the three European countries, there are some similarities on aspects of labour market, employers associations structure, high coverage of collective bargaining and the decentralised bargaining level. However, they differ a lot because the difference of trade union confederation, union density, reason of high coverage of collective bargaining and decentralised bargaining level, works councils and government intervention. There are huge differences between these European countries as a whole and Japan and the United States. They are different in terms of labour market, trade unions, employers associations, collective bargaining, employee participation and works councils, and government intervention and regulations. In order to explain the above arguments, the essay concludes two main sections. In section one, I will explain the general European background for the three countries, followed by the systems of industrial relations in the three European countries. In section two, I will analyse differences between the three European countries as a whole and Japan and the United States. Within each section, the analysis is based on labour market, trade unions, employers associations, collective bargaining, employee participation and works councils, and government intervention and regulations. Main Body Systems of Industrial Relations in France, Germany and Sweden Firstly, there is one thing to be notice, and that is both these three countries are operating under a common community-the European Union. Within this European Union framework, they have some common regulation and organisations. For example, the Maastricht Treaty on Monetary Union and European Works Councils Directive of 1994 are breakthroughs of European industrial relations systems (Streeck, 1998, p443-445). Through Maastricht Treaty, member states began to have their European single currency which they can benefit a lot, such as a more stable currency, low costs of trade and European identity (Europa.eu, 2010). For the European Works Councils, they need to meet at least once a year to share information and consultation on issues such as economic and social development (Schulten, 1996). There is even a transnational employers association in Europe. Although there is a common framework for European countries, there are some similarities in the systems of industrial relations in France, Germany and Sweden; but they differ a lot. This is probably because of path dependency, countries develop towards different directions based on their own situation. I will analyse it from the aspects of labour market, trade unions, employers associations, collective bargaining and employee participation, and government roles and regulations. . Labour Market From the table below, we can see that unemployment rates of 2005 in France and Germany were quite similar and both are around 10%, while Sweden remained relatively low, at only 5.60%. The working time in these three countries are similar, around 40 hours per week. Unemployment rate (2005) Working time (weekly hours) France 10.10% 38.3 Germany 10.60% 39.9 Sweden 5.60% 40 Source: unemployment rate-Indexmundi; working time-eurofound Trade Unions About trade union confederation, according to Bean (1994), France, Germany and Sweden represent three different types of confederation. For France, confederation is considered as political unionism (p.20) because confederations are based on political affiliations and there are five main confederations in France. For example, CGT and CFDT affiliate with communist and socialist party separately (Labbe, 1994). Because the five confederations are not for specific industries or occupational groups, there are competitions among those five confederations (Freyssinet, 2003). The second type of confederation is the single dominant confederation (DGB) represented by Germany. Since there is only one confederation, confederation competition is not existed in Germany. The third type of confederation is confederations organised by occupational groups which is found in Sweden. There are confederations for blue collar workers, white collar workers and professional/ academic groups (Carley, 2002). Th is occupational division of confederations kind of follow the early union formation which was unions organised all workers, skilled and unskilled, who worked with a given material (Bean, 1994, p. 27). Union density also differs a lot through these three countries. The union density is 9.1%, 29.7% and 79% for France, Germany and Sweden separately (1999 Eurostat Labour Force Survey, as cited in Carley, 2002). What is worth notice is that although union density in France is very low, the mobilisation of French unions is quite high compared with its union membership (Gallie, 1980). Employers Associations Employers association is an organisation which is similar with trade union confederation, except that it is in favour of employers instead of employees. Employers associations structure is similar in these three countries. They all have a peak employers association which in France is SAF (SN), in Germany is BDA and in Sweden is CNPF (MEDEF); and those peak organisations cover their own entire countries in terms of geography and industries (Bean, 1994). In all the three countries, the peak employers associations do not conduct collective agreements and the member organisations that conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements (Traxler, 2003; Wallerstein, et al, 1997). It is the sectoral employers organisations that have collective bargaining roles (Carley, 2002). However, the power of these peak organisations, control over member firms and the strength of affiliates are different for France, Germany and Sweden. As you can see from the table below (as cited in Traxl er, 1999), for France, the peak organisations power is above average; the control over member firms is average, and the affiliates are weak. For Germany, both peak organisations power and control over member firms are weak while the affiliates are strong. For Sweden, peak organisations power, control over member firms and the affiliates are all extremely strong. Although employers associations in Sweden are very powerful, the membership is in low level compared with membership in France and Germany (Traxler, 2000) C:UsersEllenDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .jpg. Collective Bargaining Country Collective bargaining coverage (%) Key level of collective bargaining France 93 Industry towards company negotiations Sweden 90 Industry Germany 64 Industry (Source: Worker representation in Europe. Labour Research Department and ETUI-REHS: 2007, as cited in worker-participation.eu) As you can see from the table above, all the three countries have high coverage of collective bargaining. Both France and Sweden have high collective bargaining coverage which is above 80%. As discussed before, union density in Sweden is very high. So, we can say that the high coverage of collective bargaining is associated with high union density in Sweden. France has a high coverage of collective bargaining (but a low union density) is mainly because its government. Government in France encourages collective bargaining and provides some legislation for that (Bean, 1994, p.76). In Germany, compared with its collective bargaining coverage, its union density is relatively low; it is employers associations that ensure the coverage of collective bargaining is high (Waddington, 2009). The table also illustrate that the level of bargaining in the three European countries is at industry level. However, there is a trend of decentralisation of collective bargaining in these three countries. For France, it is the state that tries to drive collective bargaining downwards and there are legal frameworks to encourage bargaining at lower levels (Goetschy and Jobert, 1993, p.162). It is even towards company negotiations now. In Germany, there are agreed forms of opening clauses that allow decentralisation happens (Katz, 1993, p.7). Sweden moves from single framework agreement to industrial bargaining with more flexibility and bargaining leverage (Katz, 1993, p.5). For wage bargaining, Germany and Sweden mainly rely on sectoral level, while company level is the key bargaining level for France (Carley, 2002). In general, it can be concluded that collective bargaining is conducted mainly at industry level in those three countries; and the bargaining depends on state/ legislation, employers associations or union organisations for France, Germany and Sweden separately. Employee Participation and Works Councils The ways which employee participation and works councils operate in these three countries are different, but with some similarities as well. In Sweden, because most employees are union members (high union density), there is no works councils at workplace separately from trade unions to represent employees and it is trade unions and shop stewards that have similar roles of works councils in other countries (Hammarstrom, 1993). Works councils are available in both Germany and France, and works councils for both countries are in statutory form (Goetschy and Jobert, 1993; Fuerstenberg, 1993). In Germany, the participation system is considered as harmony of interest between management and labour. (Bean, 1994, p.167). In France, works councils have rights to be informed and consulted about general management of the firm, especially on issues related to employees; however, they seldom have decision-making power (Goetschy and Jobert, 1993, p. 158). For Germany, expect the rights to informati on and consultation, works councils also have the right of co-determination, such as on personnel selection and training; and for consultation right, worker representatives can also have some influence on outcome (Fuerstenberg, 1993, p. 186-87). For both France and Germany, work councils elected by employees which may or may not from trade unions lists (Carley, 2002). However, it is the dual system in Germany which is there is a formal separation between institution of workplace participation (works councils) and institutions engaged in collective bargaining (trade unions) (Hassel, 1999). For France, both collective bargaining and institutions of workplace participation (works councils) involve trade unions and trade unions have a formal presence within the workplace (Treu, et al, 1993). Government and Regulation Within these three countries, states play different roles on collective bargaining. In Germany, there is a very important constitutional principle about collective agreement-Tarifautonomie; it is about the state cannot directly interfere in the negotiation arrangement conducted by the employers associations and the trade unions; and parties conduct collective agreements are independent (Burgess and Symon, 2005). In contrast to Germany, state intervention is very important in France, and the French state plays some direct role in collective bargaining (Bean, 1994, p.155). The French government always tries to encourage conversation between employers associations and trade unions (Bean, 1994, p.76). The Swedish state is special because almost every economic and social policy issue is discussed between three parties-state, labour and business (Pontusson, 1991; Waddington, 2009). Compared with the other two countries, welfare provision in Sweden is huge with great public expenditure (Cas tles and McKinlay, 1979). Compare Systems of Industrial Relations between France, Germany and Sweden and in the United States and Japan From the analysis above, it can be seen that there few similarities among the three European countries-France, Germany and Sweden. However, when compare those countries with the United States and Japan, they are often considered as Europe and become quite similar. The Japanese and U.S. systems of industrial relations are different from those found in the three European countries. I will also analyse it in terms of labour market, trade unions, employers associations, collective bargaining and employee participation, and government roles and regulations. Labour Market Unemployment Rate France Germany Sweden Japan U.S. 2005 10.1% 10.6% 5.6% 4.7% 5.5% 2006 9.9 11.7 5.8 4.4 5.1 2007 8.7 7.1 5.6 4.1 4.8 2008 7.9 9.0 6.1 3.8 4.6 Source: Indexmundi.com Nickell (1997) once argued that there is no relationship between Europeans rigid job market and the relatively high unemployment rate. However, from the table above, we can see that compared with these European countries, the Unites States which has a more flexible job market has relatively low level of unemployment rate from 2005 to 2008. Japan also has a low unemployment rate. European countries Japan U.S. Maximum working time/week (by law) France/ Germany48 hours Sweden40 hours 40 hours (but usually extension ) No statutory maximum working week (but must receive overtime pay if exceed 40 hours) Average weekly hours by full-time workers (in 2001) France 35.7hours Germany 37.7hours Sweden38.8hours __ 42.8 hours Minimum period of paid annual leave (by law) France 25 days Germany 20days Sweden 25 days 20 days No statutory annual leave entitlement Actual annual work hours (in 2000) France 1589 hs Germany 1525 hs 1970 hs 1986 hs Source: EIRO; Carley, 2004, eurofound From the table above, we can conclude that compared with the three European countries, Japan and the United States generally work more and have less holiday time. It is also argued that Japanese and American workers are more tolerant and tend to accept overtime and irregular working time; and therefore European workers are considered in lower work ethic (Streeck, 1992, p.312). The characteristic and economic aspects of labour market between the three European countries and Japan and USA are also different. According to Streeck (1992), there are two distinction of labour market between European countries and the other two countries. The first one is the skilled level of labour. Labour in European countries is identified as high-skill workers, and they also have relatively high wages and social benefits. The high-skill workers have a strong relation with training schemes in European countries. This also illustrates the difference between LMEs (USA) and CMEs (France, Germany, Sweden and Japan). The apprenticeship system in USA is not strong and has no institutionalised links with the general education system; while the apprenticeship system is better in CMEs, and especially in Germany which has new apprenticeship programmes in both manufacturing and service sectors (Bosch and Charest, 2008, p.429). Bosch and Charest also mentioned that vocational training pro grammes have minor roles in USA while in Germany, employers, trade unions and government drive occupational training together (p.433). Japanese workers tend to be trained on-the-job (Hashimoto, 1979). Japanese workers skills are also in high level but with low transportability which is the second distinction Streeck mentioned. Labour can be easily transportable in European countries and USA but in Japan, labour is firm-specific (p.311); and the low transportability of Japanese workers is mainly due to lifetime employment (Hashimoto, 1979). Trade Unions As mentioned above, Germany has a single dominant confederation (DGB), and this is similar with the United States because it has unified confederal arrangements (AFO-CIO) (Carley, 2004). A noticeable feature of U.S. unionisation is business unionism which focuses on economic aspects of the members and collective bargaining instead of concerning social reorganisation and political activities; and it has little direct connections with political parties (Bean, 1994, p.21). For Japan, it is similar with France because its two main confederations are based on political affiliations (Rengo links with left party and Zenroren links with further left party) (Kuwahara, 1993). One similar trend for those five countries is the decrease on number of trade unions and the merging of trade unions (Carley, 2004). Generally speaking, trade union density is declining in all the five countries; trade union density in Japan and USA is lower than the average of it is in those three European countries, but higher than it is in France (see the table below). Country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 France 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.4 8.2 8 8 7.9 7.8 Germany 25.3 24.6 23.7 23.5 23 22.2 21.6 20.7 19.9 Sweden 80.6 79.1 78 78 78 77.3 76.5 75.1 70.8 Japan 22.2 21.5 20.9 20.3 19.7 19.3 18.8 18.3 18.3 U.S. 13.4 12.8 12.8 12.6 12.4 12 12 11.5 11.6 Source: OECD.Statistics Employers Associations As mentioned above, all the three European countries have their own national peak employers associations and the subsections of the peak associations conduct collective bargaining. Japan also has a national employers association-the Japan Federation of Employers Associations (Nikkeriren) which does not engage in collective bargaining and collective bargaining is usually conducted at company level (Bamber and Lansbury, 1993). But, Nikkeriren do have formal conversation with the government and trade unions; although Nikkeriren cannot force companies to follow its guidelines, its member associations play a behind role which influence member companies (Carley, 2004). However, this is not the case in the United States. Employers organisations are less important in USA and no national employers confederations have ever been engaged in collective bargaining (Wheeler, 1993). Collective Bargaining Country Coverage of collective bargaining Level of collective bargaining France 93% Industry Germany 67% Industry Sweden 90% Industry Japan 20% Company U.S. 15% Company Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey 2002 From the table, we can see that the coverage of collective bargaining in both Japan and USA are very low compared with the three European countries. As mentioned before, France, Germany and Sweden have high bargaining coverage depend on the government, employers association and high union density separately. For Japan and USA, the low bargaining coverage matches their low union density (Carley, 2004). The table also demonstrates the level of collective bargaining. For the three European countries, collective bargaining conducts mainly at industry level, whereas for Japan and USA, it happens at company level. It is noticeable that USA employers tend to oppose to unions since mid-1970s, and employers opposition to collective bargaining is more spread in USA than in other countries (Bamber and Lansbury, 1993). In Japan, both unions and employers organisations satisfy with company bargaining because firms rely mainly on internal market and employees tend to stay in the same company (Kuwahara, 1993). Employee Participation and Works Councils While in France and Germany, there is legislation for exchanging information and cooperation negotiations between employers and employees; by law, Swedish trade unions have the rights of information, consultation and co-determination; both USA and Japan, there is no legislation for works councils and employee participation, but Japan does have a high level of employee-management cooperation (Carley, 2004). Government and Regulation Because USA is a typical country of LMEs, government intervention is relatively less compared with it is in CMEs. In France, Germany, Sweden and Japan, there are clear legislations that support collective bargaining, but legislative support of collective bargaining in USA is very limited (Bean, 1994, p.124-26). For new forms of work, such as part-time work and temporary agency workers, European countries tend to regulate them with legislation; USA leaves them unregulated; and Japan is in between (Carley, 2004). Compared with Japan and USA , European countries provide high level of basic social rights for employees; and European industrial relations also provide publicly guaranteed status to strong, independent unions both in the industrial and the political arena (Streeck, 1992, p.314). Conclusion The systems of industrial relations are mainly about the three actors which are employers and their representatives, employees and their representatives and the state. When looking at systems of industrial relations in France, Germany and Sweden as a whole as European countries and comparing them with systems in Japan and the United States, it is believed that the three European countries are similar while fundamentally different from Japan and the United States. However, when compare the three countries separately, they have many differences. Trade union confederations in France, Germany and Sweden are under three different systems-political affiliations, single dominant confederation and divided by occupational groups separately. The high coverage of collective bargaining mainly depends on government, employers associations and high union density in France, Germany and Sweden. Sweden has a single channel system and has not works councils at workplaces while works councils are avail able in France and Germany; and in Germany, trade unions and works councils are separated from each other by law, but this is not the case in France; French trade unions involve in collective bargaining and have formal presence in workplace. For labour market, Japan and the United States tend to have lower unemployment rate than it is in European countries; those European countries workers work less and have more holidays compared with Japan and the United States; labour in European countries with wider range of training programmes is in high-skill level while in low-skill level in the United States; Japanese workers are also well trained, but the transportability in low compared with it is in European countries and the United States. Trade unions in European countries concern with social issues and have some relations with political activities, whereas focus on economic issues and has little relations with political activities. National employers associations are available in Japan and the three European countries, but absent in the United States. Legislative support of collective bargaining is placed in European countries and Japan (CMEs), but limited in the United States (LMEs). Both union density and the coverage of collective bargaining are high in the three European countries while low in Japan and the United States. The bargaining level in European countries is mainly at industrial level, but at company level for Japan and the United States. When there is no legislation on works councils in Japan and the U.S., it is available in European countries. European employees enjoy higher social rights than employees in Japan and the United States. Word count: 3661

Donnes Holy Sonnet XIV - Batter my heart, three persond God Essays

Donne's Holy Sonnet XIV - Batter my heart, three person'd God Batter my heart, three person'd God; for, you As yet but knocke, breathe, shine, and seeke to mend; That I may rise, and stand, o'erthrow me, 'and bend Your force, to breake, blowe, burn and make me new. I, like an usurpt towne, t'another due, Labor to 'admit you, but Oh, to no end, Reason your viceroy in me, me should defend, But is captiv'd, and proves weake or untrue, Yet dearely'I love you, and would be lov'd faine, But am betroth'd unto your enemy, Divorce me, 'untie, or breake that knot againe Take me to you, imprison me, for I Except you 'enthrall me, never shall be free, Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me. --John Donne The analogous language of romantic passion ("I am my Beloved's and my Beloved is mine" [Song Sol. 2.16, New International Version]) and intellectual paradox ("Whoever will lose his life for my sake will find it" [Matt. 10.39, NIV]) has always seemed natural to those seeking to understand and speak of spiritual mysteries. Even so, John Donne's image of the Divine Rape in the "Holy Sonnet XIV," by which the victim becomes, or remains, chaste is at first startling; we are not accustomed to such spiritual intensity.[1] Previous explications have attempted to downplay this figure; for example, Thomas J. Steele, SJ [The Explicator 29 (1971): 74], maintains that the "sexual meaning" is "a secondary meaning" and "probably not meant to be explicitly affirmed." Moreover, George Knox [The Explicator 15 (1956): 2] writes that the poem does not "require our imagining literally the relation between man and God in heterosexual terms" and that "the traditions of Christian mysticism allow such symbol ism of ... ... as he tears down, possesses as he frees, is as honorable as passionate--that is, in him all paradoxes find their supra-rational resolution, resolution not only presented in the imagery of the closing couplet, but reflected in the sudden tranquillity of the completely regular iambic pentameter. Thus Donne links content to form throughout the "Holy Sonnet XIV." His aesthetic presentation of the relationships "implicit in the ancient theological conceit of the righteous soul's marriage to God"[3] is therefore doubly moving. NOTES 1. John Donne, "Holy Sonnet XIV," John Donne: The Complete English Poems, ed. A. J. Smith (New York: Penguin, 1984) 314-315. 2. William Karrigan, "The Fearful Accommodations of John Donne," John Donne and the Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Poets, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House, 1986) 44. 3. Karrigan, 40.

Business Education Essay -- essays research papers

Argumentative Draft Formal Education Is the Key to Success   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The advancement of technology in the last decade has increased the demand for Americans to seek higher and formal education. No longer do we live in the age of manual labor, family owned & operated conveniences, but rather a computerized age. Thirty-years ago job seekers could find stable and secure work that would ensure stability and a prosperous future. Those white collar jobs could be obtained and secured by individuals lacking a formal and/or higher education. Today, blue collar jobs like fast food restaurants, warehouse labor, and/or janitorial services prefer and sometimes require some form of education. Employers have become more openly concerned about their employees ability to represent their companies. (Formal education is the key to empowerment, but it is not necessary in order to become successful in today’s society.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education has become a large importance and often the determining factor for competitive job seeker. More than half of Americans citizens seek some form of education at one time or another whether it be for job placement or advancement. Technology is always changing and requires employers to train and re-train its employees to keep then afloat. College students like myself have always been for warned that higher education is the key to ensure success in the career world and will be the only means of providing a competi...

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Teaching Careers Education Essays

Educational Goals and Philosophy When I first came to Concord, there was no doubt that teaching would be my major. I have always been so inspired by teachers and thought that they put a lot of effort into their work. I can remember the teachers that actually reached me and touched my heart. I'll never forget them or the experience. It is so amazing how many lives a teacher must touch. A teacher has the power to reach out and make learning a memorable experience for every child. My main goal is to be a kindergarten or special education teacher. I love working with young children that don't pick up on things as quickly as the others. I love to watch their eyes light up whenever I help them realize that they can do it, too. Throughout my years of teaching, I hope to be a friend to these children. I want their first year of school to be a memorable one. I'm hoping that they will enjoy being in my class. The children in my classroom that are behind will have me working my hardest to help them catch up. It is a known fact that when young children fall behind in the early years of school, they never catch back up with their peers. That breaks my heart. Every child deserves a fair chance. Each of these students have a variety of background knowledge. Some might not have any because their parents don't work with them. Others might have parents that work with them every night. A teacher has to consider these factors when assessing their ability. The ability and actual knowledge might not balance out. I want the nature of my students to be open-minded and willing to take a chance to learn new things. This involves trust. My students will have to trust me. Whenever I give assignments they don't quite understand, I want them to feel comfortable coming to me for help. I want them to know that no matter what the problem is, I will be there. I don't want to be so intimidating that they feel afraid to ask me for help. A teacher's job is to me a mentor, but also a friend.

National Buy Nothing Day

Buy Nothing Day was created to protest consumerism. Though some think this is a marvelous idea of giving the finger to big companies, many others don’t see the point in a day that will not be effective because of the greed of Americans for luxurious products and the counteraction of the companies that will cause consumers to buy anyway. Americans are known for desiring items that are not necessities. This is shown on Black Friday.Almost all Americans wait outside major store, such as Wal-Mart,Target, K-Mart, for hours just to have a new laptop or flat screen tv for thirty percent the normal price. Another example are products at the cashier. When most people go into a store, they have their mind preset on a product or products they are going to buy. But, usually their product list ends up unnecessarily enlarging because they see some candy they want, or even their child wants. Who wants to say no to children? Those type of products are strategically placed there for the consum ption of Americans that do not need.A Buy Nothing Day would not be so effective since Americans are willing to spend their money on just about anything they want. Buy Nothing Day would also be ineffective because of the counteraction that the companies would take to help themselves economically. If companies know about Buy Nothing Day and are against it, they are going to try to get consumers to buy their goods. The law of demand ,relating to Economics, shows that as demand lowers, prices will as well. So companies will lower their prices to get more consumers buy their products.Since Americans are greedy, they’d want the products they have at a lower price and the companies are not losing because they were originally not going to receive any profit anyway if all consumers participated in Buy Nothing Day. Buy Nothing Day is a nice thought. The attempt at unifying consumers against companies is inspiring. But, realistically, it wouldn't happen since Americans love buying thing s and companies are going to lower prices. With those to combination, there might actually be more sales that occur on Buy Nothing. Buy Nothing Day will be truly ineffective if it ends up like a Black Friday.

Japanese Bribe Case Study

THE CASE OF THE JAPANESE subvert I. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE 1976 Former Nipponese Prime curate Kakuei Tanaka was arrested on charges of winning bribes amounting to $1. 8 Million Dollars from Lockheed Aircraft confederation. Tanakas repository and some(prenominal) other politics awayicials were arrested unitedly with source Prime Minister Tanaka. Takeo Miki was ousted from commission on suspicion of concealing Tanakas dealings with Lockheed Aircraft political party. In Holland, Prince Bernhard resigned from 300 political science dumbfounds held for allegedly having stock $1. Million in bribes from Lockheed Aircraft Company in corporation with the leverage of 138 F-104 Starfighter Jets. In Italy, Giovanni Leone, the Italian President in 1970 to dragher with Prime Ministers Aldo Moro and Mariano Rumor were to a fault accused of accepting bribes from Lockheed in connection with the purchase of $100 Million outlay of aircraft during the late 1960s. S dropdinavia, South Af rica, Turkey, Greece and Nigeria were also among the 15 countries in which Lockheed admitted to having handed out payments and that at least $202 Million in commissions were make by the political infracty since 1970.Lockheed started using bribes since 1958 in sight to outsell Grumman Aircraft, a competitor, for the Nipponese Air Force become. As per his testimony, William Findley of Arthur preadolescent & Co. the auditors for Lockheed, engaged the services of Yoshio Kodama to act as middleman between Lockheed and the lacquerese regime in order to secure the government contract for the purchase of military aircrafts. several(prenominal) bribes were make by the union to date the contract in its favour.In 1972, Lockheed rehired Kodama as adviser to sell its aircraft to Japan. Lockheed was in dire hire to sell its aircraft owing to a serial of pecuniary disasters, cost overruns, pushing the confederacy to the brink of bankruptcy in 1970. A controversial loan fasten award ed the club amounting to $250 Million helped the aircraft social club in distaste the bankruptcy. Lockheed President, Mr. Carl Kotchian anxiously anticipated making the sales since the company has non been making its project sales of aircraft worldwide.Mr. Kotchian believed that Japan is a largely-untapped food market and if Lockheed penetrates the Japanese market, the company can interpret $400 Million and thus, improve the companys financial status and master the jobs of thousands of the firms employees. Kodama eventually succeeded in engineering a contract for Lockheed with the either(prenominal) Nippon Airways, beating McDonnell Douglas, its active competitor. For the sale, Kodama askes and received $9 Million as pay-off silver from 1972 to 1975.Allegedly, a good deal of the silver went to then Prime Minister Tanaka and other government officials for interceding with All Nippon Airways on behalf of Lockheed Aircraft Company. Mr. Kotchian admitted full knowledge abou t where the money was going and that he was persuaded by the agency that in making the payoff, Lockheed was sure to get the contract with All Nippon Airways. Subsequently, Lockheed netted $1. 3 Billion from the contract. Mr.Kotchian defended the payoff as in keeping with Japanese telephone line practices, significance that I order to do lineage in Japan, one has to make payoffs, further, Kotchian reiterated that the exercise did non violate any American Laws and that Lockheed requisiteed to adjust to the existing carrying into action musical arrangements in order to be matched and guarantee the jobs of thousands of its employees, as well as learn move profitability. Otherwise, the company would be bankrupt and thousands will lose their jobs. In August 1975, after investigations conducted by the U. S.Government, Lockheed admitted to making $22 Million in hole-and-corner(a) payoffs and in consequent Senate investigations in 1976, the deals were made public, causing Japan to cancel the jillion dollar contract with Lockheed. In 1979, Lockheed pleaded red-handed to concealing the bribes by writing them off as merchandising costs. Lockheed was not charged with bribery since the law took rig only in 1978. Mr. Kotchian was not indicted only was forced to resign from his office patch in Japan, Kodama was arrested together with Tanaka. II. STATEMENT OF THE problem 1. What were the moral and heavy implications of the actions of the Lockheed management? . What is the belief of the transaction with respect to fair tilt in business? III. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION 1. The need to ensure the profitability of the company. 2. The need to ensure the welfare and well-being of thousands of employees of the company. 3. The ethical and legal standpoint that binds entities in the conduct of their business. IV. abridgment OF THE CASE The case revolves around several issues that confront todays ripe business practice/s basically, every company aspires to achieve m ove ingathering and profitability as its major policy.Secondly, the company as an organization is augmented and represent by people who are playacting each of their respective tasks in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the firm. In the case of Lockheed Aircraft Company, in that respect is a dire need to tantalise from near bankruptcy and the means by which it can be achieved is to get hope of the contracts for the company to build and supply aircrafts to their mean buyers. The Japanese market offers a strength target for the aircraft company, much as the other companies are likewise aware of.The airline and aircraft industry is a highly combative industry. Each company needs to update its existing technology, requiring continuous investments in retooling and research. such an activity requires continuous flow of currency considering the immense requirement for funding the expenditures. Should the company let up on continually improving its product and technolo gy, the result would be disastrous for the company since competitors could easily beguile the company and its market. All of these predicaments compounded the financial woes of Lockheed Aircraft Company during the 70s.It is under this bonds that management was forced to find a means by which the company can stay afloat, make profit and keep going its large workforce. The decision to make maestro means to ensure sales was at the moment, imperative for management. Using the argument that during those days, a business sub- kitchen-gardening existed in Japan, that is, that the company inevitable to abide by the functioning form to get the All Nippon Air Contract. In simple terms, payoffs are needed to relieve the sale of the companys aircraft to the Japanese airline company.Ethically, a payoff to further a contract at the get down of other competitors deviates from existing moral set that should govern the conduct of business. However, assuming that a system of patronage exis ted in Japan during the time such a system constrained the management of Lockheed to use incomparable means to go through bring as conduits to their intended client in order to seal the contract. Prior to investigations conducted and the subsequent admission of the company regarding the payoffs, landing the contract with All NipponAirways, did not only guarantee profits for Lockheed but also, a continuing support for its thousands of employees. V. CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, it is established that Lockheed acted within the sphere of embodied culture prevalent of the times. From a business mans point of view, the payoffs could and then be classified as marketing costs since from the point of view of the company, the money that was used was partly in procession of its product, by todays standards. However, the crux of the problem was that those who received the payoffs were government officials who had simplicity of the affairs of their country.As such, these officials we re in a position to exert overweening find on the airline company to purchase the aircraft from Lockheed. It is this undue influence that made the act unethical and from a legal standpoint, criminal in nature since, the resulting transaction is now a case of bribery on the part of Lockheed and extortion on the part of the government officials who received the payoff. As for Mr. Kotchian, I believe that as CEO of Lockheed Aircraft Company, he acted in the beaver following of the company and for everyone who are instantly involved with the company (employees, technicians, management, etc. As CEO, he is tasked with ensuring a profitable accusation for the company and provide a continuing means of livelihood for all those active by the company. Likewise, it is his duty to ensure the competitiveness of the company. VI. RECOMMENDATION Despite the arguments of utilitarianism in this case, wherein the interest of the majority is deemed primordial over the interests of the few, I/We believe that Mr. Kotchian, in behalf of the management of Lockheed Aircraft Company acted within the bounds of bodied culture prevalent of the time.Arguably, using ethics and pietism as a gauge, I/We encompass that Lockheed and Mr. Kotchian were guilty of below the belt competition as they undermined their competitors through the use undue influence instead of marketing a superior product. Although the immediate results could have benefitted all those come to within the sphere of the company, the means by which it was achieved were tainted with fraud and the wilful spin of facts (reporting payoffs as marketing costs), hence, providing the other stakeholders such as its investors and stockholders a false representation of the financial affairs of the company.Although, bribery was not yet classified as corporate crime prior to 1978, the act of Lockheed Aircraft Company and Mr. Kotchian should be regarded as unethical, immoral and under-the-counter as well as promoting unfair co mpetition with respect to other aircraft manufacturers in the industry. The decision of the Board of Directors to force the resignation of Mr. Kotchian as CEO of Lockheed Aircraft Company is deemed victorian herein and the subsequent arrest of Mr. Kodama and former Prime Minister Tanaka is likewise usurp under the circumstances.